D'Augelli AR, Hershberger SL, Pilkington NW Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1998 Jul;68(3):361-71; discussion 372-5. doi: 10.1037/h0080345.
Dowshen N, Kuhns LM, Johnson A, Holoyda BJ, Garofalo R Improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy for youth living with HIV/AIDS: a pilot study using personalized, interactive, daily text message reminders. J Med Internet Res. 2012 Apr 5;14(2):e51. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2015.
Durso LE, Gates GJ Serving our youth: Finding from a national survey of service providers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute with True Colors Fund and The Palette Fund; 2012.
International Advisory Panel on HIV Care Continuum Optimization IAPAC Guidelines for Optimizing the HIV Care Continuum for Adults and Adolescents. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2015 Nov-Dec;14 Suppl 1:S3-S34. doi: 10.1177/2325957415613442. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
Lightfoot M, Rotheram-Borus MJ Interventions for high-risk youth. In: Peterson JL, DiClemente RJ, editors. Handbook of HIV prevention AIDS prevention and mental health. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2000. p. 129-45.
McNairy ML, El-Sadr WM A paradigm shift: focus on the HIV prevention continuum. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul;59 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S12-5. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu251.
Milburn NG, Liang LJ, Lee SJ, Rotheram-Borus MJ Trajectories of risk behaviors and exiting homelessness among newly homeless adolescents. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2009 Jan 1;4(4):346-352. doi: 10.1080/17450120902884068.
Rice E, Barman-Adhikari A Internet and Social Media Use as a Resource Among Homeless Youth. J Comput Mediat Commun. 2014 Jan 1;19(2):232-247. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12038.
Rice E, Monro W, Barman-Adhikari A, Young SD Internet use, social networking, and HIV/AIDS risk for homeless adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2010 Dec;47(6):610-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.04.016. Epub 2010 Jun 23.
Ringwalt CL, Greene JM, Robertson MJ Familial backgrounds and risk behaviors of youth with thrownaway experiences. J Adolesc. 1998 Jun;21(3):241-52. doi: 10.1006/jado.1998.0150.
Rosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J Homelessness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: implications for subsequent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. J Youth Adolesc. 2012 May;41(5):544-60. doi: 10.1007/s10964-011-9681-3. Epub 2011 Jun 7.
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Fernandez MI Sexual orientation and developmental challenges experienced by gay and lesbian youths. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1995;25 Suppl:26-34; discussion 35-9.
Swendeman D, Ramanathan N, Baetscher L, Medich M, Scheffler A, Comulada WS, Estrin D Smartphone self-monitoring to support self-management among people living with HIV: perceived benefits and theory of change from a mixed-methods randomized pilot study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 May 1;69 Suppl 1(0 1):S80-91. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000570.
Swendeman D, Ramanathan N, Comulada WS, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Estrin D Efficacy of Daily Self- Monitoring of Health Behaviors and Quality of Life by Mobile Phone: Mixed-Methods Results from Two Studies with Diverse Populations. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2014;47:S263-S.
Swendeman D, Rotheram-Borus MJ Innovation in sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevention: internet and mobile phone delivery vehicles for global diffusion. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;23(2):139-44. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328336656a.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.