Badri M, Wilson D, Wood R Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002 Jun 15;359(9323):2059-64.
Blanc, F -X., et al., Early (2 weeks) vs. late (8 weeks) initiation of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) significantly enhance survival of severely immunosuppressed HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed tuberculosis: results of the CAMELIA clinical trial. BMC Proceedings, 2011. 5(Suppl 1): p. O11.
Craig BA, Black MA Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and incremental net-health benefit: two sides of the same coin. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2001 Oct;1(1):37-46. doi: 10.1586/14737167.1.1.37.
Drummond MF, S , M.J., Torrance, G.W., O'Brien, B.J., Stoddart, G.L., Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Car Programmes. Vol. 3rd edition. 2005: Oxford University Press.
Francis J Curry National Tuberculosis Center Institutional Consultation Services, Conducting Sputum Induction Safely. 1999.
Hillemann D, RĂ¼sch-Gerdes S, Boehme C, Richter E Rapid molecular detection of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by the automated GeneXpert MTB/RIF system. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Apr;49(4):1202-5. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02268-10. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
Hoch JS, Rockx MA, Krahn AD Using the net benefit regression framework to construct cost-effectiveness acceptability curves: an example using data from a trial of external loop recorders versus Holter monitoring for ambulatory monitoring of "community acquired" syncope. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 6;6:68.
Lawn SD, Harries AD, Anglaret X, Myer L, Wood R Early mortality among adults accessing antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2008 Oct 1;22(15):1897-908. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830007cd. Review.
Lawn SD, Kranzer K, Wood R Antiretroviral therapy for control of the HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic in resource-limited settings. Clin Chest Med. 2009 Dec;30(4):685-99, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2009.08.010. Review.
Lawn SD Point-of-care detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine for diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: a state of the art review. BMC Infect Dis. 2012 Apr 26;12:103. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-103. Review.
Nicol MP, Workman L, Isaacs W, Munro J, Black F, Eley B, Boehme CC, Zemanay W, Zar HJ Accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children admitted to hospital in Cape Town, South Africa: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;11(11):819-24. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70167-0. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
Nicol MP, Zar HJ New specimens and laboratory diagnostics for childhood pulmonary TB: progress and prospects. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2011 Mar;12(1):16-21. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2010.09.008. Epub 2010 Oct 16. Review.
Osborne CM The challenge of diagnosing childhood tuberculosis in a developing country. Arch Dis Child. 1995 Apr;72(4):369-74. Review.
Petitti, D , Meta-Analysis, Decision Analysis, and Cost-Effectivness Analysis. Methods for Quantitative Synthesis in Medicine. 2nd edition ed. 2000, New York: Oxford Press.
Reid MJ, Shah NS Approaches to tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in people with HIV in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Mar;9(3):173-84. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70043-X. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Jul;9(7):408.
Reid, S E., Unpublished Data: Enhanced TB Screening to determine the prevalence and incidence of TB in a cohort of HIV clinic patients in Lusaka, Zambia. 2012.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.