HIV Infections — HIV Diagnosis in Hospitalized Malawian Infants
Citation(s)
1 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2008) 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Available: http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/JC1511_GR08_ExecutiveSummary_en.pdfAccessed 7 September 2009.
13 World Health Organization (2006) Report of the WHO Technical Reference Group, Paediatric HIV/ ART Care Guideline Group Meeting.
14 World Health Organization (2006) Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection in infants and children in resource-limited settings: towards universal access. Available: http://www.who.int/ hiv/pub/guidelines/pmtctguidelines3.pdf. Accessed 17 November 2009.
16 United Nations Children's Fund (2008) Children and AIDS. Third Stocktaking Report, 2008. Available at: http:// www.unicef.org/publications. Accessed 17 November, 2009.
17 Ministry of Health Malawi and National AIDS Commission (2008) Treatment of AIDS: Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Therapy in Malawi, Third Edition.
18 Ministry of Health Malawi and National AIDS Commission (2009) Early Infant Diagnosis Report, 24 August.
19 Kabue MM, Braun M, Aetker L, Chirwa M, Mofolo I, et al. (2009) ART initiation and increased survival of infants traced from PMTCT to pediatric HIV care: highlighting the need for program coordination in Lilongwe, Malawi. 5th Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Cape Town, South Africa. Abstract WEPDD103.
2 The United Nations Children's Fund (2008) Children and AIDS: Third Stocktaking Report, 2008. Available: http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_46585.html. Accessed 7 September 2009.
25 Chasela C, Hudgens M , Jamieson D , Kayira D , Hosseinipour M, et al. (2009) Both maternal HAART and daily infant nevirapine (NVP) are effective in reducing HIV-1 transmission during breastfeeding in a randomized trial in Malawi: 28 week results of the Breastfeeding, Antiretroviral and Nutrition (BAN) Study. 5th Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Cape Town, South Africa. Abstract WELBC103.
26 World Health Organization (2008) World Malaria Report. Available: http://apps.who.int/malaria/wmr2008/malaria2008.pdf. Accessed 19 November 2009.
3 Ministry of Health Malawi: HIV Unit (2008) Annual Report HIV Unit 2008.
4 World Health Organization (2007) Guidance on provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in health facilities. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595568_eng.pdf. Accessed 26 August 2009.
6 Ministry of Health Malawi: HIV Unit (2008) Guidelines for Paediatric HIV Testing and Counseling.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.