HIV Infections — PrEP Intervention for People Who Inject Substances and Use Methamphetamine
Citation(s)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV Surveillance Report, 2017; vol. 29. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html. Published 2018. Accessed November 1, 2019
Chen YH, Guigayoma J, McFarland W, Snowden JM, Raymond HF Increases in Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use and Decreases in Condom Use: Behavioral Patterns Among HIV-Negative San Francisco Men Who have Sex with Men, 2004-2017. AIDS Behav. 2019 Jul;23(7):1841-1845. doi: 10.1007/s10461-018-2299-7.
San Francisco Department of Public Health HIV Epidemiology Annual Report 2018. San Francisco Department of Public Health. https://www.sfdph.org/dph/files/reports/RptsHIVAIDS/HIV-Epidemiology-Annual-Report2018.pdf. Published 2019. Accessed November 4, 2019.
Storholm ED, Volk JE, Marcus JL, Silverberg MJ, Satre DD Risk Perception, Sexual Behaviors, and PrEP Adherence Among Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men: a Qualitative Study. Prev Sci. 2017 Aug;18(6):737-747. doi: 10.1007/s11121-017-0799-8.
PrEP Intervention for People Who Inject Substances and Use Methamphetamine
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
