HIV Infections — HIV Testing in the Emergency Department at Baystate Medical Center: A Pilot Program
Citation(s)
Bogart LM, Howerton D, Lange J, Setodji CM, Becker K, Klein DJ, Asch SM Provider-related barriers to rapid HIV testing in U.S. urban non-profit community clinics, community-based organizations (CBOs) and hospitals. AIDS Behav. 2010 Jun;14(3):697-707. doi: 10.1007/s10461-008-9456-3. Epub 2008 Sep 3.
Holtgrave DR Costs and consequences of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendations for opt-out HIV testing. PLoS Med. 2007 Jun;4(6):e194.
Hutchinson AB, Branson BM, Kim A, Farnham PG A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of alternative HIV counseling and testing methods to increase knowledge of HIV status. AIDS. 2006 Aug 1;20(12):1597-604. Review.
Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, Janssen RS Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Aug 1;39(4):446-53.
Rothman RE, Ketlogetswe KS, Dolan T, Wyer PC, Kelen GD Preventive care in the emergency department: should emergency departments conduct routine HIV screening? a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2003 Mar;10(3):278-85. Review.
HIV Testing in the Emergency Department at Baystate Medical Center: A Pilot Program Version 1.5, May 2009
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
