Jacquez F, Vaughn LM, Wagner E Youth as partners, participants or passive recipients: a review of children and adolescents in community-based participatory research (CBPR). Am J Community Psychol. 2013 Mar;51(1-2):176-89. doi: 10.1007/s10464-012-9533-7.
Louw J, Peltzer K, Chirinda W Correlates of HIV risk reduction self-efficacy among youth in South Africa. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:817315. doi: 10.1100/2012/817315. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
NACA Federal Republic of Nigeria, Global AIDS Report: Country Progress Report. 2015. Accessed Novembner, 2015.
NDHS National Population Commision; Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey Reports. 2013.
Nigeria Framework National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework. 2017-2021.
Ozer EJ, Newlan S, Douglas L, Hubbard E "Bounded" empowerment: analyzing tensions in the practice of youth-led participatory research in urban public schools. Am J Community Psychol. 2013 Sep;52(1-2):13-26. doi: 10.1007/s10464-013-9573-7.
Ozer EJ, Piatt AA, Holsen I, Larsen T, Lester J, Ozer EM INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO PROMOTING POSITIVE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN DIVERSE CONTEXTS. Positive Youth Development in Global Contexts of Social and Economic Change. 2016:12.
Ozer EJ Youth-led participatory action research. Handbook of methodological approaches to community-based research: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. 2016:263-272. 15.Cammarota J, Fine M. Revolutionizing education : youth participatory action research in motion. New York, NY: Routledge; 2008.
Ozer EJ Youth-Led Participatory Action Research: Developmental and Equity Perspectives. Adv Child Dev Behav. 2016;50:189-207. doi: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2015.11.006. Epub 2016 Jan 25.
Sam-Agudu NA, Folayan MO, Ezeanolue EE Seeking wider access to HIV testing for adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Pediatr Res. 2016 Jun;79(6):838-45. doi: 10.1038/pr.2016.28. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
Sekoni AO, Somefun EO, Fatoba OO, Onajole AT Use of HIV Screening Services and Sexual Behavior of In-School Adolescents in Surulere LGA, Lagos State. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2015 Jul-Sep;25(3):202-8.
Smith P, Wallace M, Bekker LG Adolescents' experience of a rapid HIV self-testing device in youth-friendly clinic settings in Cape Town South Africa: a cross-sectional community based usability study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016 Jan;19(1):21111. doi: 10.7448/IAS.19.1.21111. Epub 2016 Dec 23.
Tiffany JS, Exner-Cortens D, Eckenrode J A New Measure for Assessing Youth Program Participation. J Community Psychol. 2012 Apr 1;40(3):277-291. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20508.
Tucker JD, Wei C, Pendse R, Lo YR HIV self-testing among key populations: an implementation science approach to evaluating self-testing. J Virus Erad. 2015 Jan;1(1):38-42.
WHO HIV Testing Services: WHO recommends HIV Self-testing. Geneva2016.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
