Bal MI, Sattoe JN, Roelofs PD, Bal R, van Staa A, Miedema HS Exploring effectiveness and effective components of self-management interventions for young people with chronic physical conditions: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2016 Aug;99(8):1293-309. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.02.012. Epub 2016 Mar 3. Review.
Denison JA, Tsui S, Bratt J, Torpey K, Weaver MA, Kabaso M Do peer educators make a difference? An evaluation of a youth-led HIV prevention model in Zambian Schools. Health Educ Res. 2012 Apr;27(2):237-47. doi: 10.1093/her/cyr093. Epub 2011 Oct 10.
Gari T, Habte D, Markos E HIV positive status disclosure among women attending art clinic at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia. East Afr J Public Health. 2010 Mar;7(1):87-91.
Hatcher AM, Smout EM, Turan JM, Christofides N, Stöckl H Intimate partner violence and engagement in HIV care and treatment among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2015 Oct 23;29(16):2183-94. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000842. Review.
Kim MH, Mazenga AC, Yu X, Ahmed S, Paul ME, Kazembe PN, Abrams EJ High self-reported non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy amongst adolescents living with HIV in Malawi: barriers and associated factors. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017 Mar 30;20(1):21437. doi: 10.7448/IAS.20.1.21437.
Lichtenstein B Domestic violence in barriers to health care for HIV-positive women. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006 Feb;20(2):122-32.
Lorig KR, Holman H Self-management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2003 Aug;26(1):1-7. Review.
Pantelic M, Boyes M, Cluver L, Meinck F HIV, violence, blame and shame: pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017 Aug 21;20(1):21771. doi: 10.7448/IAS.20.1.21771.
Sattoe JN, Bal MI, Roelofs PD, Bal R, Miedema HS, van Staa A Self-management interventions for young people with chronic conditions: A systematic overview. Patient Educ Couns. 2015 Jun;98(6):704-15. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.03.004. Epub 2015 Mar 17. Review.
Woollett N, Cluver L, Bandeira M, Brahmbhatt H Identifying risks for mental health problems in HIV positive adolescents accessing HIV treatment in Johannesburg. J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017 May;29(1):11-26. doi: 10.2989/17280583.2017.1283320. Epub 2017 Mar 13.
Transitioning Adolescents to HIV Self-Management in Zambia (Known as: Project YES: Youth Engaging for Success)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
