Guay J, Parker MJ, Gajendragadkar PR, Kopp S Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 22;2:CD000521. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000521.pub3. Review.
Guay J, Parker MJ, Griffiths R, Kopp SL Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Hip Fractures: A Cochrane Review. Anesth Analg. 2018 May;126(5):1695-1704. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002489. Review.
Johnston DF, Stafford M, McKinney M, Deyermond R, Dane K Peripheral nerve blocks with sedation using propofol and alfentanil target-controlled infusion for hip fracture surgery: a review of 6 years in use. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Mar;29:33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2015.10.012. Epub 2016 Feb 2.
Taha AM A simple and successful sonographic technique to identify the sciatic nerve in the parasacral area. Can J Anaesth. 2012 Mar;59(3):263-7. doi: 10.1007/s12630-011-9630-3. Epub 2011 Dec 3.
Ueshima H, Otake H, Lin JA Ultrasound-Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:2752876. doi: 10.1155/2017/2752876. Epub 2017 Jan 3. Review.
Van Waesberghe J, Stevanovic A, Rossaint R, Coburn M General vs. neuraxial anaesthesia in hip fracture patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2017 Jun 28;17(1):87. doi: 10.1186/s12871-017-0380-9. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
