Hepatocellular Carcinoma — Prognostic Value of Liver Cancer CTCs Isolated by a Novel Microfluidic Platform
Citation(s)
Ahn JC, Teng PC, Chen PJ, Posadas E, Tseng HR, Lu SC, Yang JD Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Implications as a Biomarker for Diagnosis, Prognostication, and Therapeutic Monitoring in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology. 2021 Jan;73(1):42
Chen VL, Xu D, Wicha MS, Lok AS, Parikh ND Utility of Liquid Biopsy Analysis in Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Determination of Prognosis, and Disease Monitoring: A Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Dec;18(13):2879-2902.e9. doi:
Jackson JM, Witek MA, Kamande JW, Soper SA Materials and microfluidics: enabling the efficient isolation and analysis of circulating tumour cells. Chem Soc Rev. 2017 Jul 17;46(14):4245-4280. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00016b. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
