Hepatic Encephalopathy — Fecal Microbiota Transplantation by Oral Capsules for Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment
Citation(s)
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; European Association for the Study of the Liver Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Hepatol. 2014 Sep;61(3):642-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.05.042. Epub 2014 Jul 8. No abstract available. Erratum In: J Hepatol. 2015 Oct;63(4):1055.
Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M, Hoffmann RG, Saeian K Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a vehicle for accidents and traffic violations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Sep;102(9):1903-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01424.x. Epub 2007 Jul 19.
Bajaj JS The role of microbiota in hepatic encephalopathy. Gut Microbes. 2014 May-Jun;5(3):397-403. doi: 10.4161/gmic.28684. Epub 2014 Apr 1.
Claesson MJ, Clooney AG, O'Toole PW A clinician's guide to microbiome analysis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Oct;14(10):585-595. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.97. Epub 2017 Aug 9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
