Hemorrhoids — The Use of Topical Anaesthetic in the Banding of Internal Haemorrhoids
Citation(s)
Gokalp A, Baskonus I, Maralcan G A prospective randomised study of local anaesthetic injection after multiple rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. Chir Ital. 2003 Mar-Apr;55(2):213-7.
Hooker GD, Plewes EA, Rajgopal C, Taylor BM Local injection of bupivacaine after rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids: prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999 Feb;42(2):174-9.
Law WL, Chu KW Triple rubber band ligation for hemorrhoids: prospective, randomized trial of use of local anesthetic injection. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999 Mar;42(3):363-6.
Watson NF, Liptrott S, Maxwell-Armstrong CA A prospective audit of early pain and patient satisfaction following out-patient band ligation of haemorrhoids. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006 May;88(3):275-9.
The Use of Topical Anaesthetic in the Banding (TAB) of Internal Haemorrhoids: A Feasibility Study.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
