Hemodialysis — Prophylactic Antibiotic Treatment in Hemodialysis
Citation(s)
Aslam S, Vaida F, Ritter M, Mehta RL Systematic review and meta-analysis on management of hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec;25(12):2927-41. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2013091009. Epub 2014 May 22.
Gupta V, Yassin MH Infection and hemodialysis access: an updated review. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2013 Jun;13(3):196-205. doi: 10.2174/1871526511313030008.
Jaber BL Bacterial infections in hemodialysis patients: pathogenesis and prevention. Kidney Int. 2005 Jun;67(6):2508-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00364.x. No abstract available.
Nelveg-Kristensen KE, Laier GH, Heaf JG Risk of death after first-time blood stream infection in incident dialysis patients with specific consideration on vascular access and comorbidity. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Dec 20;18(1):688. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3594-7.
Sarnak MJ, Jaber BL Mortality caused by sepsis in patients with end-stage renal disease compared with the general population. Kidney Int. 2000 Oct;58(4):1758-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2000.00337.x.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
