Dorsch MP, Farris KB, Rowell BE, Hummel SL, Koelling TM The Effects of the ManageHF4Life Mobile App on Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021 Dec 7;9(12):e26185. doi: 10.2196/26185.
Evangelista LS, Heber D, Li Z, Bowerman S, Hamilton MA, Fonarow GC Reduced body weight and adiposity with a high-protein diet improves functional status, lipid profiles, glycemic control, and quality of life in patients with heart failure: a feasibility study. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009 May-Jun;24(3):207-15. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0b013e31819846b9.
Ho JE, Lyass A, Lee DS, Vasan RS, Kannel WB, Larson MG, Levy D Predictors of new-onset heart failure: differences in preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2013 Mar;6(2):279-86. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.972828. Epub 2012 Dec 27.
Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Clark AL Obesity and the Obesity Paradox in Heart Failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 Jul-Aug;61(2):151-156. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.05.005. Epub 2018 May 28.
Kitzman DW, Brubaker P, Morgan T, Haykowsky M, Hundley G, Kraus WE, Eggebeen J, Nicklas BJ Effect of Caloric Restriction or Aerobic Exercise Training on Peak Oxygen Consumption and Quality of Life in Obese Older Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Jan 5;315(1):36-46. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.17346.
Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism. 2019 Mar;92:98-107. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.011. Epub 2018 Nov 3.
Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery. Gland Surg. 2020 Feb;9(1):80-93. doi: 10.21037/gs.2019.12.03.
Shimada YJ, Tsugawa Y, Brown DFM, Hasegawa K Bariatric Surgery and Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations for Heart Failure Exacerbation: Population-Based, Self-Controlled Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 1;67(8):895-903. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.016.
Wang H, Li YY, Chai K, Zhang W, Li XL, Dong YG, Zhou JM, Huo Y, Yang JF [Contemporary epidemiology and treatment of hospitalized heart failure patients in real clinical practice in China]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2019 Nov 24;47(11):865-874. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2019.11.004. Chinese.
The Impact of Dietary Management Applet for Weight Reduction in Obese Heart Failure Patients: a Multicenter, Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
