Heart Failure — Association Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and LV Function in Patients With CVD
Citation(s)
Eisen A, Benderly M, Behar S, Goldbourt U, Haim M Inflammation and future risk of symptomatic heart failure in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2014 May;167(5):707-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.01.008. Epub 2014 Feb 22.
Papaioannou V, Pneumatikos I, Maglaveras N Association of heart rate variability and inflammatory response in patients with cardiovascular diseases: current strengths and limitations. Front Physiol. 2013 Jul 10;4:174. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00174. eCollection 2013.
Williams ES, Shah SJ, Ali S, Na BY, Schiller NB, Whooley MA C-reactive protein, diastolic dysfunction, and risk of heart failure in patients with coronary disease: Heart and Soul Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008 Jan;10(1):63-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.11.003. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
Prognostic Significance of Inflammatory Biomarkers and LV Functionin Patients With Coronary Heart Disease and Heart Failure.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
