Heart Failure — Novel Clinical Utility of Retinal Imaging in Patients With Heart Failure
Citation(s)
Chandra A, Seidelmann SB, Claggett BL, Klein BE, Klein R, Shah AM, Solomon SD The association of retinal vessel calibres with heart failure and long-term alterations in cardiac structure and function: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019 Oct;21(10):1207-1215. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1564. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
Chung YR, Park SJ, Moon KY, Choi SA, Lim HS, Park SW, Kim JH, Lee K Diabetic retinopathy is associated with diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017 Jul 6;16(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s12933-017-0566-y.
Goto I, Katsuki S, Ikui H, Kimoto K, Mimatsu T Pathological studies on the intracerebral and retinal arteries in cerebrovascular and noncerebrovascular diseases. Stroke. 1975 May-Jun;6(3):263-9. doi: 10.1161/01.str.6.3.263.
Tanaka M, Fujiwara H, Onodera T, Wu DJ, Matsuda M, Hamashima Y, Kawai C Quantitative analysis of narrowings of intramyocardial small arteries in normal hearts, hypertensive hearts, and hearts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1987 Jun;75(6):1130-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.75.6.1130.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
