Heart Failure — Modified Ross Score for Evaluation of Heart Failure in Children
Citation(s)
Corrales-Medina VF, Musher DM, Wells GA, Chirinos JA, Chen L, Fine MJ Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: incidence, timing, risk factors, and association with short-term mortality. Circulation. 2012 Feb 14;125(6):773-81. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040766. Epub 2012 Jan 4.
Musher DM, Rueda AM, Kaka AS, Mapara SM The association between pneumococcal pneumonia and acute cardiac events. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 15;45(2):158-65. Epub 2007 Jun 6.
Ross RD, Bollinger RO, Pinsky WW Grading the severity of congestive heart failure in infants. Pediatr Cardiol. 1992 Apr;13(2):72-5.
Ross RD The Ross classification for heart failure in children after 25 years: a review and an age-stratified revision. Pediatr Cardiol. 2012 Dec;33(8):1295-300. doi: 10.1007/s00246-012-0306-8. Epub 2012 Apr 5. Review.
Modified Ross Score for Evaluation of Heart Failure in Children With Lower Respiratory Tract
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
