Heart Disease — Using Beta Blockers to Treat Mitral Regurgitation
Citation(s)
Pu M, Gao Z, Li J, Sinoway L, Davidson WR Jr Development of a new animal model of chronic mitral regurgitation in rats under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005 May;18(5):468-74.
Pu M, Gao Z, Pu DK, Davidson WR Jr Effects of early, late, and long-term nonselective ß-blockade on left ventricular remodeling, function, and survival in chronic organic mitral regurgitation. Circ Heart Fail. 2013 Jul;6(4):756-62. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEART
Pu M, Gao Z, Zhang X, Liao D, Pu DK, Brennan T, Davidson WR Jr Impact of mitral regurgitation on left ventricular anatomic and molecular remodeling and systolic function: implication for outcome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 Jun;296(6):H1727-32.
Pu M The frequency, impact, and management of mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2006 May;8(3):226-31. Review.
Yang H, Davidson WR Jr, Chambers CE, Pae WE, Sun B, Campbell DB, Pu M Preoperative pulmonary hypertension is associated with postoperative left ventricular dysfunction in chronic organic mitral regurgitation: an echocardiographic and hemodynamic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006 Aug;19(8):1051-5.
Beta-Blockade in Chronic Mitral Regurgitation: Moving From the Laboratory Experiment to Clinical Investigation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
