Chan HY, Pang SM Let me talk--an advance care planning programme for frail nursing home residents. J Clin Nurs. 2010 Nov;19(21-22):3073-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03353.x.
Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC, Silvester W The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Mar 23;340:c1345. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c1345.
Kirchhoff KT, Hammes BJ, Kehl KA, Briggs LA, Brown RL Effect of a disease-specific advance care planning intervention on end-of-life care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 May;60(5):946-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03917.x. Epub 2012 Mar 28.
Schulz-Quach C, Wenzel-Meyburg U, Fetz K Can elearning be used to teach palliative care? - medical students' acceptance, knowledge, and self-estimation of competence in palliative care after elearning. BMC Med Educ. 2018 Apr 27;18(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s12909-018-1186-2.
Sulmasy DP Italy's New Advance Directive Law: When in Rome…. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 May 1;178(5):607-608. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0462.
Tolle SW, Teno JM Lessons from Oregon in Embracing Complexity in End-of-Life Care. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 16;376(11):1078-1082. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsb1612511.
World Medical Association World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013 Nov 27;310(20):2191-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
