Efendijev I, Raj R, Reinikainen M, Hoppu S, Skrifvars MB Temporal trends in cardiac arrest incidence and outcome in Finnish intensive care units from 2003 to 2013. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Dec;40(12):1853-61. doi: 10.1007/s00134-014-3509-z. Epub 2014 Nov 12.
Gershengorn HB, Li G, Kramer A, Wunsch H Survival and functional outcomes after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2012 Aug;27(4):421.e9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.11.001. Epub 2012 Jan 9.
Kutsogiannis DJ, Bagshaw SM, Laing B, Brindley PG Predictors of survival after cardiac or respiratory arrest in critical care units. CMAJ. 2011 Oct 4;183(14):1589-95. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100034. Epub 2011 Aug 15.
Landry FJ, Parker JM, Phillips YY Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the intensive care setting. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Nov;152(11):2305-8.
Lesieur O, Leloup M, Gonzalez F, Mamzer MF; EPILAT Study Group Eligibility for organ donation following end-of-life decisions: a study performed in 43 French intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Sep;40(9):1323-31. doi: 10.1007/s00134-014-3409-2. Epub 2014 Aug 5.
Lesieur O, Leloup M, Gonzalez F, Mamzer MF; EPILAT study group Withholding or withdrawal of treatment under French rules: a study performed in 43 intensive care units. Ann Intensive Care. 2015 Dec;5(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s13613-015-0056-x. Epub 2015 Jun 19.
Skrifvars MB, Varghese B, Parr MJ Survival and outcome prediction using the Apache III and the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) score in patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) following out-of-hospital, in-hospital or ICU cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2012 Jun;83(6):728-33. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.11.036. Epub 2012 Jan 25. Erratum in: Resuscitation. 2013 Mar;84(3):395-6.
Smith DL, Kim K, Cairns BA, Fakhry SM, Meyer AA Prospective analysis of outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in critically ill surgical patients. J Am Coll Surg. 1995 Apr;180(4):394-401.
Synek VM EEG abnormality grades and subdivisions of prognostic importance in traumatic and anoxic coma in adults. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1988 Jul;19(3):160-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
