Hearing Loss — Psychiatric and Cognitive Assessment of Adult Patients With Hearing Impairment
Citation(s)
BECK AT, WARD CH, MENDELSON M, MOCK J, ERBAUGH J An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961 Jun;4:561-71. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. No abstract available.
Isaacson B Hearing loss. Med Clin North Am. 2010 Sep;94(5):973-88. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2010.05.003.
Iwagami M, Kobayashi Y, Tsukazaki E, Watanabe T, Sugiyama T, Wada T, Hara A, Tamiya N Associations between self-reported hearing loss and outdoor activity limitations, psychological distress and self-reported memory loss among older people: Analysis of the 2016 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019 Aug;19(8):747-754. doi: 10.1111/ggi.13708. Epub 2019 Jun 24.
Newman CW, Weinstein BE, Jacobson GP, Hug GA Test-retest reliability of the hearing handicap inventory for adults. Ear Hear. 1991 Oct;12(5):355-7. doi: 10.1097/00003446-199110000-00009.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
