Healthy — Validation of Educational Effect of Nerve Tracking Function Mounted on the Ultrasound
Citation(s)
Bhatia A, Brull R Review article: is ultrasound guidance advantageous for interventional pain management? A systematic review of chronic pain outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2013 Jul;117(1):236-51. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f5ee4. Epub 2013 Apr 16.
Bodenham AR Editorial II: Ultrasound imaging by anaesthetists: training and accreditation issues. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Apr;96(4):414-7. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael032. No abstract available.
Kwon SY, Hong SH, Kim ES, Park HJ, You Y, Kim YH The Efficacy of Lumbosacral Spine Phantom to Improve Resident Proficiency in Performing Ultrasound-Guided Spinal Procedure. Pain Med. 2015 Dec;16(12):2284-91. doi: 10.1111/pme.12870. Epub 2015 Aug 3.
McVicar J, Niazi AU, Murgatroyd H, Chin KJ, Chan VW Novice performance of ultrasound-guided needling skills: effect of a needle guidance system. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;40(2):150-3. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000209.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
