Barch DM, Ceaser A Cognition in schizophrenia: core psychological and neural mechanisms. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012 Jan;16(1):27-34. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.015. Epub 2011 Dec 12.
Boozalis T, Teixeira AL, Cho RY, Okusaga O C-Reactive Protein Correlates with Negative Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia. Front Public Health. 2018 Jan 22;5:360. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00360. eCollection 2017.
Carruthers SP, Gurvich CT, Rossell SL The muscarinic system, cognition and schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Aug;55:393-402. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.011. Epub 2015 May 21.
Carruthers SP, Van Rheenen TE, Gurvich C, Sumner PJ, Rossell SL Characterising the structure of cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Dec;107:252-278. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.006. Epub 2019 Sep 7.
Carson RE, Barker WC, Liow J-S, Adler S, Johnson CA Design of a motion-compensation OSEM List-mode Algorithm for Resolution-Recovery Reconstruction of the HRRT. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference; 2003; Portland, OR; 2003. p. M16-6.
Crook JM, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Copolov DL, Dean B Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in subjects with schizophrenia: a study of the human hippocampal formation. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Sep 1;48(5):381-8. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00918-5.
Erskine D, Taylor JP, Bakker G, Brown AJH, Tasker T, Nathan PJ Cholinergic muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors as therapeutic targets for cognitive, behavioural, and psychological symptoms in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug Discov Today. 2019 Dec;24(12):2307-2314. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.009. Epub 2019 Sep 6.
Green MF, Harvey PD Cognition in schizophrenia: Past, present, and future. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2014 Mar;1(1):e1-e9. doi: 10.1016/j.scog.2014.02.001.
Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry. 2019 Jun;18(2):146-161. doi: 10.1002/wps.20624.
Green MF, Kern RS, Heaton RK Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophr Res. 2004 Dec 15;72(1):41-51. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.009.
Han M, Newell K, Zavitsanou K, Deng C, Huang XF Effects of antipsychotic medication on muscarinic M1 receptor mRNA expression in the rat brain. J Neurosci Res. 2008 Feb 1;86(2):457-64. doi: 10.1002/jnr.21491.
Harrison PJ Using our brains: the findings, flaws, and future of postmortem studies of psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jan 15;69(2):102-3. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.008. No abstract available.
Hopper S, Pavey GM, Gogos A, Dean B Widespread Changes in Positive Allosteric Modulation of the Muscarinic M1 Receptor in Some Participants With Schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019 Oct 1;22(10):640-650. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz045.
Jin X, Mulnix T, Sandiego CM, Carson RE Evaluation of frame-based and event-by-event motion-correction methods for awake monkey brain PET imaging. J Nucl Med. 2014 Feb;55(2):287-93. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.113.123299. Epub 2014 Jan 16.
Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindenmayer JP The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1989 Nov;(7):59-67. No abstract available.
Lammertsma AA, Hume SP Simplified reference tissue model for PET receptor studies. Neuroimage. 1996 Dec;4(3 Pt 1):153-8. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1996.0066.
Lavalaye J, Booij J, Linszen DH, Reneman L, van Royen EA Higher occupancy of muscarinic receptors by olanzapine than risperidone in patients with schizophrenia. A[123I]-IDEX SPECT study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Jun;156(1):53-7. doi: 10.1007/s002130000679.
Lebois EP, Trimper JB, Hu C, Levey AI, Manns JR Effects of Selective M1 Muscarinic Receptor Activation on Hippocampal Spatial Representations and Neuronal Oscillations. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2016 Oct 19;7(10):1393-1405. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00160. Epub 2016 Aug 12.
Levey AI, Kitt CA, Simonds WF, Price DL, Brann MR Identification and localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor proteins in brain with subtype-specific antibodies. J Neurosci. 1991 Oct;11(10):3218-26. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-10-03218.1991.
Marino MJ, Rouse ST, Levey AI, Potter LT, Conn PJ Activation of the genetically defined m1 muscarinic receptor potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Sep 15;95(19):11465-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11465.
Oki T, Takagi Y, Inagaki S, Taketo MM, Manabe T, Matsui M, Yamada S Quantitative analysis of binding parameters of [3H]N-methylscopolamine in central nervous system of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005 Jan 5;133(1):6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.09.012.
Raedler TJ Comparison of the in-vivo muscarinic cholinergic receptor availability in patients treated with clozapine and olanzapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Apr;10(2):275-80. doi: 10.1017/S1461145706006584. Epub 2006 Apr 6.
Scarr E, Hopper S, Vos V, Seo MS, Everall IP, Aumann TD, Chana G, Dean B Low levels of muscarinic M1 receptor-positive neurons in cortical layers III and V in Brodmann areas 9 and 17 from individuals with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018 Aug;43(5):338-346. doi: 10.1503/jpn.170202.
Wu Y, Carson RE Noise reduction in the simplified reference tissue model for neuroreceptor functional imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002 Dec;22(12):1440-52. doi: 10.1097/01.WCB.0000033967.83623.34.
Yohn SE, Conn PJ Positive allosteric modulation of M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors as potential therapeutic treatments for schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Jul 1;136(Pt C):438-448. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.012. Epub 2017 Sep 9.
Muscarinic M1 Receptor Availability and Cognition in Schizophrenia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.