Koster H, Halsema I, Scholtens E, Knippers M, Mulder GJ Dose-dependent shifts in the sulfation and glucuronidation of phenolic compounds in the rat in vivo and in isolated hepatocytes. The role of saturation of phenolsulfotransferase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1981 Sep 15;30(18):2569-75.
Ottaviani JI, Momma TY, Kuhnle GK, Keen CL, Schroeter H Structurally related (-)-epicatechin metabolites in humans: assessment using de novo chemically synthesized authentic standards. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Apr 15;52(8):1403-12. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.010. Epub 2011 Dec 23.
Schroeter H, Heiss C, Spencer JP, Keen CL, Lupton JR, Schmitz HH Recommending flavanols and procyanidins for cardiovascular health: current knowledge and future needs. Mol Aspects Med. 2010 Dec;31(6):546-57. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.008. Epub 2010 Sep 18. Review.
Flavanol Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion From Fruit-based Drinks and Other Food Matrixes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
