Healthy — Microbial, Immune, and Metabolic Perturbations by Antibiotics (MIME Study)
Citation(s)
Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Griffin MR Antibiotic prescription rates for acute respiratory tract infections in US ambulatory settings. JAMA. 2009 Aug 19;302(7):758-66. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1163.
McCaig LF, Besser RE, Hughes JM Antimicrobial drug prescription in ambulatory care settings, United States, 1992-2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Apr;9(4):432-7. doi: 10.3201/eid0904.020268. Erratum In: Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 May;9(5):609.
McCaig LF, Hughes JM Trends in antimicrobial drug prescribing among office-based physicians in the United States. JAMA. 1995 Jan 18;273(3):214-9. Erratum In: JAMA 1998 Feb 11;279(6):434.
Microbial, Immune, and Metabolic Perturbations by Antibiotics (MIME Study)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
