Chen MH, Liao Y, Rong PF, Hu R, Lin GX, Ouyang W Hippocampal volume reduction in elderly patients at risk for postoperative cognitive dysfunction. J Anesth. 2013 Aug;27(4):487-92. doi: 10.1007/s00540-012-1548-6. Epub 2013 Jan 31.
Desmond JE, Glover GH Estimating sample size in functional MRI (fMRI) neuroimaging studies: statistical power analyses. J Neurosci Methods. 2002 Aug 30;118(2):115-28.
Dunnet JM, Prys-Roberts C, Holland DE, Browne BL Propofol infusion and the suppression of consciousness: dose requirements to induce loss of consciousness and to suppress response to noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Br J Anaesth. 1994 Jan;72(1):29-34.
Editors ICoMJ Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals [Web page, recommandation]. Online: Annals of Internal Medicine / American College of Physicians.; 1978 (updated 2017) [cited 2018 20.03.2018]. Available from: http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/.
Kühn S, Gleich T, Lorenz RC, Lindenberger U, Gallinat J Playing Super Mario induces structural brain plasticity: gray matter changes resulting from training with a commercial video game. Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;19(2):265-71. doi: 10.1038/mp.2013.120. Epub 2013 Oct 29. Erratum in: Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;19(2):272.
Larsen B, Seitz A, Larsen R Recovery of cognitive function after remifentanil-propofol anesthesia: a comparison with desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2000 Jan;90(1):168-74.
Lindqvist M, Schening A, Granstrom A, Bjorne H, Jakobsson JG Cognitive recovery after ambulatory anaesthesia based on desflurane or propofol: a prospective randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Oct;58(9):1111-20. doi: 10.1111/aas.12381. Epub 2014 Aug 6.
Masui K, Upton RN, Doufas AG, Coetzee JF, Kazama T, Mortier EP, Struys MM The performance of compartmental and physiologically based recirculatory pharmacokinetic models for propofol: a comparison using bolus, continuous, and target-controlled infusion data. Anesth Analg. 2010 Aug;111(2):368-79. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181bdcf5b. Epub 2009 Oct 27.
Mhuircheartaigh RN, Rosenorn-Lanng D, Wise R, Jbabdi S, Rogers R, Tracey I Cortical and subcortical connectivity changes during decreasing levels of consciousness in humans: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using propofol. J Neurosci. 2010 Jul 7;30(27):9095-102. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5516-09.2010.
Miller G Miller's Anesthesia. 2015 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015.
Miller G What is the biological basis of consciousness? Science. 2005 Jul 1;309(5731):79.
Ogawa S, Lee TM, Nayak AS, Glynn P Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med. 1990 Apr;14(1):68-78.
Qiu M, Ramani R, Swetye M, Rajeevan N, Constable RT Anesthetic effects on regional CBF, BOLD, and the coupling between task-induced changes in CBF and BOLD: an fMRI study in normal human subjects. Magn Reson Med. 2008 Oct;60(4):987-96. doi: 10.1002/mrm.21759.
Quan X, Yi J, Ye TH, Tian SY, Zou L, Yu XR, Huang YG Propofol and memory: a study using a process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Anaesthesia. 2013 Apr;68(4):391-9. doi: 10.1111/anae.12147.
Ramani R, Qiu M, Constable RT Sevoflurane 0.25 MAC preferentially affects higher order association areas: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in volunteers. Anesth Analg. 2007 Sep;105(3):648-55.
Sahinovic MM, Absalom AR, Struys MM Administration and monitoring of intravenous anesthetics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010 Dec;23(6):734-40. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283404579. Review.
Strøm C, Rasmussen LS, Sieber FE Should general anaesthesia be avoided in the elderly? Anaesthesia. 2014 Jan;69 Suppl 1:35-44. doi: 10.1111/anae.12493. Review.
Thirion B, Dodel S, Poline JB Detection of signal synchronizations in resting-state fMRI datasets. Neuroimage. 2006 Jan 1;29(1):321-7. Epub 2005 Aug 29.
Universities WgsubtMoHEaSatoD The Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity [Code of conduct]. Online (www.ufm.dk): Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science; 2014 [updated June 02, 2015; cited 2018 20.03.2018]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.
van den Heuvel MP, Hulshoff Pol HE Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;20(8):519-34. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008. Epub 2010 May 14. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.