Healthy Volunteers — Effects of Arousal and Stress in Anxiety
Citation(s)
Balderston NL, Liu J, Roberson-Nay R, Ernst M, Grillon C The relationship between dlPFC activity during unpredictable threat and CO2-induced panic symptoms. Transl Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 30;7(12):1266. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0006-5.
Grillon C, Morgan CA 3rd Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 1999 Feb;108(1):134-42. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.108.1.134.
Grillon C, Robinson OJ, Mathur A, Ernst M Effect of attention control on sustained attention during induced anxiety. Cogn Emot. 2016;30(4):700-12. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1024614. Epub 2015 Apr 22.
Phillips RG, LeDoux JE Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci. 1992 Apr;106(2):274-85. doi: 10.1037//0735-7044.106.2.274.
Effects of Arousal and Stress on Classical Conditioning
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
