Healthy People — Pain Modulation Effectiveness (PME)
Citation(s)
15 Souvlis, T., Vicenzino, B., and Wright. A. (2004). Neurophysiological effect of spinal manual therapy. Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column. Edited by Jeffrey D. Boyling and Gwendolen A. Jull. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone.367-380.
Cruz-Almeida Y, Fillingim RB Can quantitative sensory testing move us closer to mechanism-based pain management? Pain Med. 2014 Jan;15(1):61-72. doi: 10.1111/pme.12230. Epub 2013 Sep 6.
Damien J, Colloca L, Bellei-Rodriguez CE, Marchand S Pain Modulation: From Conditioned Pain Modulation to Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Experimental and Clinical Pain. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2018;139:255-296. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.024. Epub 2018 Aug 14.
Fong A, Schug SA Pathophysiology of pain: a practical primer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014 Oct;134(4 Suppl 2):8S-14S. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000682.
Goldberg DS, McGee SJ Pain as a global public health priority. BMC Public Health. 2011 Oct 6;11:770. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-770.
Kennedy J, Roll JM, Schraudner T, Murphy S, McPherson S Prevalence of persistent pain in the U.S. adult population: new data from the 2010 national health interview survey. J Pain. 2014 Oct;15(10):979-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.05.009.
Kosek E, Ordeberg G Abnormalities of somatosensory perception in patients with painful osteoarthritis normalize following successful treatment. Eur J Pain. 2000;4(3):229-38. doi: 10.1053/eujp.2000.0175.
Nir RR, Granovsky Y, Yarnitsky D, Sprecher E, Granot M A psychophysical study of endogenous analgesia: the role of the conditioning pain in the induction and magnitude of conditioned pain modulation. Eur J Pain. 2011 May;15(5):491-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.10.001. Epub 2010 Oct 28.
Nir RR, Yarnitsky D Conditioned pain modulation. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2015 Jun;9(2):131-7. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000126.
Pud D, Granovsky Y, Yarnitsky D The methodology of experimentally induced diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC)-like effect in humans. Pain. 2009 Jul;144(1-2):16-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.015. Epub 2009 Apr 8. No abstract available.
Yarnitsky D Conditioned pain modulation (the diffuse noxious inhibitory control-like effect): its relevance for acute and chronic pain states. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010 Oct;23(5):611-5. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32833c348b.
Pain Modulation Effectiveness: An Experimental Study Using Repeated Conditioned Pain Modulation as an Intervention and Analyzing Potential Predictors in Healthy Adults.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.