Healthy Male Subjects — Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on Cerebral Blood Flow
Citation(s)
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg. 1982 Dec;57(6):769-74.
Edvinsson L, Owman C Sympathetic innervation and adrenergic receptors in intraparenchymal cerebral arterioles of baboon. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1977;64:304-5.
Evans DH On the measurement of the mean velocity of blood flow over the cardiac cycle using Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985 Sep-Oct;11(5):735-41.
Henriksen L, Paulson OB The effects of sodium nitroprusside on cerebral blood flow and cerebral venous blood gases. II. Observations in awake man during successive blood pressure reduction. Eur J Clin Invest. 1982 Oct;12(5):389-93.
Hoiland RL, Ainslie PN CrossTalk proposal: The middle cerebral artery diameter does change during alterations in arterial blood gases and blood pressure. J Physiol. 2016 Aug 1;594(15):4073-5. doi: 10.1113/JP271981. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
Jørgensen LG, Perko M, Perko G, Secher NH Middle cerebral artery velocity during head-up tilt induced hypovolaemic shock in humans. Clin Physiol. 1993 Jul;13(4):323-36.
LASSEN NA Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev. 1959 Apr;39(2):183-238.
Thomas KN, Lewis NC, Hill BG, Ainslie PN Technical recommendations for the use of carotid duplex ultrasound for the assessment of extracranial blood flow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015 Oct;309(7):R707-20. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00211.2015. Epub 2015 Jul 8. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
