Health Behavior — The Cycle Nation Project (Phase 2: Feasibility)
Citation(s)
Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jun 12;160(11):1621-8.
Crane M, Rissel C, Standen C, Greaves S Associations between the frequency of cycling and domains of quality of life. Health Promot J Austr. 2014 Dec;25(3):182-5. doi: 10.1071/HE14053.
de Geus B, Van Hoof E, Aerts I, Meeusen R Cycling to work: influence on indexes of health in untrained men and women in Flanders. Coronary heart disease and quality of life. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Aug;18(4):498-510. Epub 2007 Dec 7.
Hollingworth M, Harper A, Hamer M Dose-response associations between cycling activity and risk of hypertension in regular cyclists: The UK Cycling for Health Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2015 Apr;29(4):219-23. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2014.89. Epub 2014 Oct 2.
Laverty AA, Mindell JS, Webb EA, Millett C Active travel to work and cardiovascular risk factors in the United Kingdom. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Sep;45(3):282-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.012.
Møller NC, Østergaard L, Gade JR, Nielsen JL, Andersen LB The effect on cardiorespiratory fitness after an 8-week period of commuter cycling--a randomized controlled study in adults. Prev Med. 2011 Sep;53(3):172-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.06.007. Epub 2011 Jun 25.
Mytton OT, Ogilvie D, Griffin S, Brage S, Wareham N, Panter J Associations of active commuting with body fat and visceral adipose tissue: A cross-sectional population based study in the UK. Prev Med. 2018 Jan;106:86-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.017. Epub 2017 Oct 10.
Mytton OT, Panter J, Ogilvie D Longitudinal associations of active commuting with wellbeing and sickness absence. Prev Med. 2016 Mar;84:19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.010. Epub 2015 Dec 29.
Rojas-Rueda D, de Nazelle A, Tainio M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ The health risks and benefits of cycling in urban environments compared with car use: health impact assessment study. BMJ. 2011 Aug 4;343:d4521. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4521.
Schnohr P, Marott JL, Jensen JS, Jensen GB Intensity versus duration of cycling, impact on all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012 Feb;19(1):73-80. doi: 10.1177/1741826710393196. Epub 2011 Feb 21.
Stewart G, Anokye NK, Pokhrel S What interventions increase commuter cycling? A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 14;5(8):e007945. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007945. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
