Doyle WJ, Boehm S, Skoner DP Physiologic responses to intranasal dose-response challenges with histamine, methacholine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin in adult volunteers with and without nasal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Dec;86(6 Pt 1):924-35. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80156-3.
Eccles R, Loose I, Jawad M, Nyman L Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on sore throat pain and other pain symptoms associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. Pain Med. 2003 Jun;4(2):118-24. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03019.x.
Glatthaar-Saalmuller B, Mair KH, Saalmuller A Antiviral activity of aspirin against RNA viruses of the respiratory tract-an in vitro study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017 Jan;11(1):85-92. doi: 10.1111/irv.12421. Epub 2016 Sep 22.
Gupta U, Verma M Placebo in clinical trials. Perspect Clin Res. 2013 Jan;4(1):49-52. doi: 10.4103/2229-3485.106383. No abstract available.
Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, Hwang YW, Moon YS Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 21;2015(9):CD006362. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4.
Leyva-Grado V, Pugach P, Sadeghi-Latefi N A novel anti-inflammatory treatment for bradykinin-induced sore throat or pharyngitis. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021 Dec;9(4):1321-1335. doi: 10.1002/iid3.479. Epub 2021 Jun 21.
Rees GL, Eccles R Sore throat following nasal and oropharyngeal bradykinin challenge. Acta Otolaryngol. 1994 May;114(3):311-4. doi: 10.3109/00016489409126062.
Schachtel B, Aspley S, Shephard A, Shea T, Smith G, Schachtel E Utility of the sore throat pain model in a multiple-dose assessment of the acute analgesic flurbiprofen: a randomized controlled study. Trials. 2014 Jul 3;15:263. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-263.
Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G, Martin JM, Van Beneden C Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15;55(10):1279-82. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis847. Erratum In: Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(10):1496. Dosage error in article text.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
