Bindels R, Winkens RA, van Wersch JW, Pop P, Hasman A Comparing assessment of appropriateness of diagnostic tests between a human expert and an automated reminder system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2000;77:239-43.
Bull FC, Kreuter MW, Scharff DP Effects of tailored, personalized and general health messages on physical activity. Patient Educ Couns. 1999 Feb;36(2):181-92.
Eysenbach G, Köhler C, Yihune G, Lampe K, Cross P, Brickley D A metadata vocabulary for self- and third-party labeling of health web-sites: Health Information Disclosure, Description and Evaluation Language (HIDDEL). Proc AMIA Symp. 2001:169-73.
Eysenbach G, Powell J, Kuss O, Sa ER Empirical studies assessing the quality of health information for consumers on the world wide web: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002 May 22-29;287(20):2691-700. Review.
Gagliardi A, Jadad AR Examination of instruments used to rate quality of health information on the internet: chronicle of a voyage with an unclear destination. BMJ. 2002 Mar 9;324(7337):569-73. Review.
Jadad AR, Gagliardi A Rating health information on the Internet: navigating to knowledge or to Babel? JAMA. 1998 Feb 25;279(8):611-4. Review.
Norman CD, Skinner HA eHealth Literacy: Essential Skills for Consumer Health in a Networked World. J Med Internet Res. 2006 Jun 16;8(2):e9. Review.
Olesen J International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition (ICHD-2): current status and future revisions. Cephalalgia. 2006 Dec;26(12):1409-10.
Olesen J The International Classification of Headache Disorders. Headache. 2008 May;48(5):691-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01121.x.
Wilkins ST, Navarro FH Has the Web really empowered health care consumers? The truth is customers may not have changed as much as we think. Mark Health Serv. 2001 Fall;21(3):5-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
