Hand Injuries — Early Ultrasound-guided Nerve Block for Painful Hand Injuries in the Emergency Department
Citation(s)
Amini R, Kartchner JZ, Nagdev A, Adhikari S Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks in Emergency Medicine Practice. J Ultrasound Med. 2016 Apr;35(4):731-6. doi: 10.7863/ultra.15.05095. Epub 2016 Mar 1.
Chung KC, Spilson SV The frequency and epidemiology of hand and forearm fractures in the United States. J Hand Surg Am. 2001 Sep;26(5):908-15.
Frenkel O, Liebmann O, Fischer JW Ultrasound-guided forearm nerve blocks in kids: a novel method for pain control in the treatment of hand-injured pediatric patients in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015 Apr;31(4):255-9. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000398.
Liebmann O, Price D, Mills C, Gardner R, Wang R, Wilson S, Gray A Feasibility of forearm ultrasonography-guided nerve blocks of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves for hand procedures in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Nov;48(5):558-62. Epub 2006 Jun 14.
Marhofer P, Greher M, Kapral S Ultrasound guidance in regional anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2005 Jan;94(1):7-17. Epub 2004 Jul 26. Review.
Patanwala AE, Keim SM, Erstad BL Intravenous opioids for severe acute pain in the emergency department. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Nov;44(11):1800-9. doi: 10.1345/aph.1P438. Epub 2010 Oct 26. Review.
Stone MB, Price DD, Wang R Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block for the treatment of upper extremity fractures, dislocations, and abscesses in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2007 May;25(4):472-5.
Witwicki T, Dziak A [Sarcomatous degeneration in the course of Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1969;34(6):809-11. Polish.
Wroe P, O'Shea R, Johnson B, Hoffman R, Nagdev A Ultrasound-guided forearm nerve blocks for hand blast injuries: case series and multidisciplinary protocol. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Sep;34(9):1895-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.06.111. Epub 2016 Jul 11.
Early Ultrasound-guided Nerve Block for Painful Hand Injuries in the Emergency Department
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
