Etzerodt A, Moestrup SK CD163 and inflammation: biological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Jun 10;18(17):2352-63. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4834. Epub 2012 Oct 19. Review.
Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Pugdahl K Current status on electrodiagnostic standards and guidelines in neuromuscular disorders. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Mar;122(3):440-55. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.06.025. Epub 2010 Jul 31. Review.
Haunsø, Stig m fl.: Medicinsk Kompendium: 18. Udgave, Nyt Nordisk forlag, 2013
Kjærgaard AG, Rødgaard-Hansen S, Dige A, Krog J, Møller HJ, Tønnesen E Monocyte expression and soluble levels of the haemoglobin receptor (CD163/sCD163) and the mannose receptor (MR/sMR) in septic and critically ill non-septic ICU patients. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e92331. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092331. eCollection 2014.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
