Cody JD, Hale DE Making chromosome abnormalities treatable conditions. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2015 Sep;169(3):209-15. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31447.
Cody JD, Hale DE Precision in phenotyping and genotyping. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Dec 15;131(3):313. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30263. No abstract available.
Hermesch CB, Cody JT, Cody JD Dental caries history in nine children with chromosome 18p deletion syndrome. Spec Care Dentist. 2000 Mar-Apr;20(2):53-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-4505.2000.tb01143.x.
Schaub RL, Hale DE, Rose SR, Leach RJ, Cody JD The spectrum of thyroid abnormalities in individuals with 18q deletions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Apr;90(4):2259-63. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-1630. Epub 2005 Jan 25.
Wang Z, Cody JD, Leach RJ, O'Connell P Gene expression patterns in cell lines from patients with 18q- syndrome. Hum Genet. 1999 Jun;104(6):467-75. doi: 10.1007/s004390050989.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.