Growth Disorders — Growth Pattern and Characteristics of Cardiac Pediatric Patients
Citation(s)
Arodiwe I, Chinawa J, Ujunwa F, Adiele D, Ukoha M, Obidike E Nutritional status of congenital heart disease (CHD) patients: Burden and determinant of malnutrition at university of Nigeria teaching hospital Ituku - Ozalla, Enugu. Pak J Med Sci. 2015 Sep-Oct;31(5):1140-5. doi: 10.12669/pjms.315.6837.
El-Koofy N, Mahmoud AM, Fattouh AM Nutritional rehabilitation for children with congenital heart disease with left to right shunt. Turk J Pediatr. 2017;59(4):442-451. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2017.04.011.
Mari MA, Cascudo MM, Alchieri JC Congenital Heart Disease and Impacts on Child Development. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2016 Feb;31(1):31-7. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20160001.
Secker DJ, Jeejeebhoy KN How to perform Subjective Global Nutritional assessment in children. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 Mar;112(3):424-431.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.039. Epub 2012 Mar 1.
Venugopalan P, Akinbami FO Anthropometric measurements in children with congenital heart disease. Trop Doct. 2001 Jul;31(3):186-8.
Growth Pattern and Characteristics of Cardiac Pediatric Patients Attending Assiut University Children Hospital and Sidi Galal Health Insurance Clinic
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
