Broadway DC, Nicolela MT, Drance SM Optic disk appearances in primary open-angle glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999 Jun;43 Suppl 1:S223-43. Review.
Dave P, Shah J Applicability of ISNT and IST rules to the retinal nerve fibre layer using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in early glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015 Dec;99(12):1713-7. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306331. Epub 2015 May 28.
Dichtl A, Jonas JB, Naumann GO Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in human eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999 Jun;237(6):474-9.
Jonas JB, Budde WM, Lang P Neuroretinal rim width ratios in morphological glaucoma diagnosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998 Dec;82(12):1366-71.
Jonas JB, Budde WM, Panda-Jonas S Ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the optic nerve head. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999 Jan-Feb;43(4):293-320. Review.
Jonas JB, Budde WM Diagnosis and pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy: morphological aspects. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000 Jan;19(1):1-40. Review.
Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Naumann GO Optic disc, cup and neuroretinal rim size, configuration and correlations in normal eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988 Jul;29(7):1151-8. Erratum in: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991 May;32(6):1893. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992 Feb;32(2):474-5.
Pradhan ZS, Braganza A, Abraham LM Does the ISNT Rule Apply to the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer? J Glaucoma. 2016 Jan;25(1):e1-4. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000064.
Quigley HA Glaucoma. Lancet. 2011 Apr 16;377(9774):1367-77. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61423-7. Epub 2011 Mar 30. Review.
Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014 Nov;121(11):2081-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013. Epub 2014 Jun 26. Review.
Varma R, Skaf M, Barron E Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal human eyes. Ophthalmology. 1996 Dec;103(12):2114-9. Erratum in: Ophthalmology 1997 Feb;104(2):174.
Is the ISNT Rule Still a Rule : a Study to Determine Prevalence of the ISNT Rule and Its Variants in the Normal Population
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.