Anderson AJ, Johnson CA Frequency-doubling technology perimetry. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;16(2):213-25. doi: 10.1016/s0896-1549(03)00011-7.
Artes PH, Hutchison DM, Nicolela MT, LeBlanc RP, Chauhan BC Threshold and variability properties of matrix frequency-doubling technology and standard automated perimetry in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Jul;46(7):2451-7. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-
Harwerth RS, Quigley HA Visual field defects and retinal ganglion cell losses in patients with glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun;124(6):853-9. doi: 10.1001/archopht.124.6.853.
Hwang YH, Kim YY, Kim HK, Sohn YH Ability of cirrus high-definition spectral-domain optical coherence tomography clock-hour, deviation, and thickness maps in detecting photographic retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities. Ophthalmology. 2013 Jul;120(7):1
Hwang YH, Kim YY Glaucoma diagnostic ability of quadrant and clock-hour neuroretinal rim assessment using cirrus HD optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Apr 24;53(4):2226-34. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-8689.
Mafei L, Fiorentini A Electroretinographic responses to alternating gratings before and after section of the optic nerve. Science. 1981 Feb 27;211(4485):953-5. doi: 10.1126/science.7466369.
Na JH, Lee K, Lee JR, Baek S, Yoo SJ, Kook MS Detection of macular ganglion cell loss in preperimetric glaucoma patients with localized retinal nerve fibre defects by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013 Dec;41(9):870-8
Quigley HA, Dunkelberger GR, Green WR Retinal ganglion cell atrophy correlated with automated perimetry in human eyes with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989 May 15;107(5):453-64. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(89)90488-1.
Ventura LM, Porciatti V Restoration of retinal ganglion cell function in early glaucoma after intraocular pressure reduction: a pilot study. Ophthalmology. 2005 Jan;112(1):20-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.09.002.
Ventura LM, Sorokac N, De Los Santos R, Feuer WJ, Porciatti V The relationship between retinal ganglion cell function and retinal nerve fiber thickness in early glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Sep;47(9):3904-11. doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-0161.
Evaluation of the Electroretinogram Pattern (Diopsys® NOVA System) for the Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
