Alm A, Schoenfelder J, McDermott J A 5-year, multicenter, open-label, safety study of adjunctive latanoprost therapy for glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Jul;122(7):957-65.
Alm A, Widengård I Latanoprost: experience of 2-year treatment in Scandinavia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000 Feb;78(1):71-6.
Andreassi L, Flori L Practical applications of cutaneous colorimetry. Clin Dermatol. 1995 Jul-Aug;13(4):369-73.
Dornelles S, Goldim J, Cestari T Determination of the minimal erythema dose and colorimetric measurements as indicators of skin sensitivity to UV-B radiation. Photochem Photobiol. 2004 Jun;79(6):540-4.
Doshi M, Edward DP, Osmanovic S Clinical course of bimatoprost-induced periocular skin changes in Caucasians. Ophthalmology. 2006 Nov;113(11):1961-7. Epub 2006 Aug 28.
Fullerton A, Fischer T, Lahti A, Wilhelm KP, Takiwaki H, Serup J Guidelines for measurement of skin colour and erythema. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1996 Jul;35(1):1-10. Review.
German EJ, Hurst MA, Wood D, Gilchrist J A novel system for the objective classification of iris colour and its correlation with response to 1% tropicamide. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1998 Mar;18(2):103-10.
Maeda M, Kachi H, Matubara K, Mori S, Kitajima Y Pigmentation abnormalities in systemic scleroderma examined by using a colorimeter (Choromo Meter CR-200). J Dermatol Sci. 1996 Mar;11(3):228-33.
Park SB, Suh DH, Youn JI A long-term time course of colorimetric evaluation of ultraviolet light-induced skin reactions. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1999 Jul;24(4):315-20.
Takiwaki H, Miyaoka Y, Skrebova N, Kohno H, Arase S Skin reflectance-spectra and colour-value dependency on measuring-head aperture area in ordinary reflectance spectrophotometry and tristimulus colourimetry. Skin Res Technol. 2002 May;8(2):94-7.
Trujillo O, Vanezis P, Cermignani M Photometric assessment of skin colour and lightness using a tristimulus colorimeter: reliability of inter and intra-investigator observations in healthy adult volunteers. Forensic Sci Int. 1996 Jul 31;81(1):1-10.
Tsai TF, Bowman PH, Jee SH, Maibach HI Effects of glycolic acid on light-induced skin pigmentation in Asian and caucasian subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Aug;43(2 Pt 1):238-43. Erratum in: J Am Acad Dermatol 2000 Oct;43(4):609. Paul, BH [corrected to Bowman, PH].
Wistrand PJ, Stjernschantz J, Olsson K The incidence and time-course of latanoprost-induced iridial pigmentation as a function of eye color. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;41 Suppl 2:S129-38.
Youn JI, Park JY, Jo SJ, Rim JH, Choe YB Assessment of the usefulness of skin phototype and skin color as the parameter of cutaneous narrow band UVB sensitivity in psoriasis patients. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003 Oct;19(5):261-4.
The Effects of Latanoprost, Bimatoprost and Travoprost on Periocular Skin Pigmentation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.