Gestational Diabetes — Postpartum Glycemia in Women at Risk For Persistent Hyperglycemia
Citation(s)
ACOG Practice Bulletin No 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;131(2):e49-e64. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002501.
Battarbee AN, Yee LM Barriers to Postpartum Follow-Up and Glucose Tolerance Testing in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Perinatol. 2018 Mar;35(4):354-360. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1607284. Epub 2017 Oct 11.
Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009 May 23;373(9677):1773-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60731-5.
Chen R, Yogev Y, Ben-Haroush A, Jovanovic L, Hod M, Phillip M Continuous glucose monitoring for the evaluation and improved control of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003 Oct;14(4):256-60. doi: 10.1080/jmf.14.4.256.260.
Immanuel J, Simmons D Screening and Treatment for Early-Onset Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Diab Rep. 2017 Oct 2;17(11):115. doi: 10.1007/s11892-017-0943-7.
Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. 1999 Sep;22(9):1462-70. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462.
Metzger BE, Cho NH, Roston SM, Radvany R Prepregnancy weight and antepartum insulin secretion predict glucose tolerance five years after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1993 Dec;16(12):1598-605. doi: 10.2337/diacare.16.12.1598.
Moy FM, Ray A, Buckley BS, West HM Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre-existing diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 11;6(6):CD009613. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009613.pub3.
O'Sullivan JB Gestational diabetes and its significance. Adv Metab Disord. 1970;1:Suppl 1:339+. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027361-4.50040-5. No abstract available.
O'SULLIVAN JB Gestational diabetes. Unsuspected, asymptomatic diabetes in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1961 May 25;264:1082-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196105252642104. No abstract available.
Pontiroli AE, Pizzocri P, Caumo A, Perseghin G, Luzi L Evaluation of insulin release and insulin sensitivity through oral glucose tolerance test: differences between NGT, IFG, IGT, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional and follow-up study. Acta Diabetol. 2004 Jun;41(2):70-6. doi: 10.1007/s00592-004-0147-x.
Raman P, Shepherd E, Dowswell T, Middleton P, Crowther CA Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 29;10(10):CD011069. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011069.pub2.
Stumvoll M, Fritsche A, Haring H The OGTT as test for beta cell function? Eur J Clin Invest. 2001 May;31(5):380-1. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00828.x. No abstract available.
Stumvoll M, Van Haeften T, Fritsche A, Gerich J Oral glucose tolerance test indexes for insulin sensitivity and secretion based on various availabilities of sampling times. Diabetes Care. 2001 Apr;24(4):796-7. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.4.796. No abstract available.
Werner EF, Has P, Kanno L, Sullivan A, Clark MA Barriers to Postpartum Glucose Testing in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Perinatol. 2019 Jan;36(2):212-218. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1667290. Epub 2018 Jul 30.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.