Gestational Diabetes — Pancreatic Duodenal Homeobox Factor-1 (PDX-1) and Neurogenin-3 (NGN-3) in Gestational Diabetes
Citation(s)
Gu G, Dubauskaite J, Melton DA Direct evidence for the pancreatic lineage: NGN3+ cells are islet progenitors and are distinct from duct progenitors. Development. 2002 May;129(10):2447-57.
Sandikci M, Karagenc L, Yildiz M Changes on the Pancreas in Experimental Diabetes and the Effect of Lycopene on These Changes: Pdx-1, Ngn-3, and Nestin Expressions. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2017 Dec;300(12):2200-2207. doi: 10.1002/ar.23687. Epub 2017 Sep 26.
Wang L, Fan H, Zhou L, Wu Y, Lu H, Luo J Altered expression of PGC-1a and PDX1 and their methylation status are associated with fetal glucose metabolism in gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Jun 18;501(1):300-306. doi: 10.101
PDX-1 and NGN-3 Expression in Gestational Diabetes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
