Gender Identity — Patient Centered Methods to Collect Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Status in the ED
Citation(s)
Buchmueller T, Carpenter CS Disparities in health insurance coverage, access, and outcomes for individuals in same-sex versus different-sex relationships, 2000-2007. Am J Public Health. 2010 Mar;100(3):489-95. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160804. Epub 2010 Jan 14.
De Santis JP HIV infection risk factors among male-to-female transgender persons: a review of the literature. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2009 Sep-Oct;20(5):362-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2009.06.005. Review.
Díaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E, Henne J, Marin BV The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: findings from 3 US cities. Am J Public Health. 2001 Jun;91(6):927-32.
Dilley JA, Simmons KW, Boysun MJ, Pizacani BA, Stark MJ Demonstrating the importance and feasibility of including sexual orientation in public health surveys: health disparities in the Pacific Northwest. Am J Public Health. 2010 Mar;100(3):460-7. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130336. Epub 2009 Aug 20.
Whitbeck LB, Chen X, Hoyt DR, Tyler KA, Johnson KD Mental disorder, subsistence strategies, and victimization among gay, lesbian, and bisexual homeless and runaway adolescents. J Sex Res. 2004 Nov;41(4):329-42.
Emergency Department Query For Patient-centered Approaches To Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
