Gender Dysphoria — Effectiveness of Speech Therapy in Trans Women.
Citation(s)
Carew L, Dacakis G, Oates J The effectiveness of oral resonance therapy on the perception of femininity of voice in male-to-female transsexuals. J Voice. 2007 Sep;21(5):591-603. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.05.005. Epub 2006 Jul 5.
Dacakis G Long-term maintenance of fundamental frequency increases in male-to-female transsexuals. J Voice. 2000 Dec;14(4):549-56. doi: 10.1016/s0892-1997(00)80010-7.
Gelfer MP, Mikos VA The relative contributions of speaking fundamental frequency and formant frequencies to gender identification based on isolated vowels. J Voice. 2005 Dec;19(4):544-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.10.006.
Gelfer MP, Tice RM Perceptual and acoustic outcomes of voice therapy for male-to-female transgender individuals immediately after therapy and 15 months later. J Voice. 2013 May;27(3):335-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.07.009. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
Leung Y, Oates J, Chan SP Voice, Articulation, and Prosody Contribute to Listener Perceptions of Speaker Gender: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018 Feb 15;61(2):266-297. doi: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-17-0067.
Soderpalm E, Larsson A, Almquist SA Evaluation of a consecutive group of transsexual individuals referred for vocal intervention in the west of Sweden. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2004;29(1):18-30. doi: 10.1080/14015430310021618.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
