Gastro Intestinal Bleeding — The Value of End-tidal Capnography in Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Citation(s)
Chen IC, Hung MS, Chiu TF, Chen JC, Hsiao CT Risk scoring systems to predict need for clinical intervention for patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 2007 Sep;25(7):774-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2006.12.024.
Dicu D, Pop F, Ionescu D, Dicu T Comparison of risk scoring systems in predicting clinical outcome at upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients in an emergency unit. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Jan;31(1):94-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.06.009. Epub 2012 Sep 20.
Hearnshaw SA, Logan RF, Lowe D, Travis SP, Murphy MF, Palmer KR Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut. 2011 Oct;60(10):1327-35. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.228437. Epub 2011 Apr 13.
Kodali BS Capnography outside the operating rooms. Anesthesiology. 2013 Jan;118(1):192-201. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318278c8b6. No abstract available.
Nassar BS, Schmidt GA Capnography During Critical Illness. Chest. 2016 Feb;149(2):576-585. doi: 10.1378/chest.15-1369. Epub 2016 Jan 12.
Pang SH, Ching JY, Lau JY, Sung JJ, Graham DY, Chan FK Comparing the Blatchford and pre-endoscopic Rockall score in predicting the need for endoscopic therapy in patients with upper GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010 Jun;71(7):1134-40. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.028.
Saltzman JR, Tabak YP, Hyett BH, Sun X, Travis AC, Johannes RS A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Dec;74(6):1215-24. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.024. Epub 2011 Sep 10.
Tang Y, Shen J, Zhang F, Zhou X, Tang Z, You T Scoring systems used to predict mortality in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Jan;36(1):27-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.053. Epub 2017 Jun 27.
Whitaker DK Time for capnography - everywhere. Anaesthesia. 2011 Jul;66(7):544-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06793.x. Epub 2011 May 31. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
