Alekseev M, Rybakov E, Shelygin Y, Chernyshov S, Zarodnyuk I A study investigating the perfusion of colorectal anastomoses using fluorescence angiography: results of the FLAG randomized trial. Colorectal Dis. 2020 Sep;22(9):1147-1153. doi: 10.1111/codi.15037. Epub 2020 Apr 6.
Baiocchi GL, Diana M, Boni L Indocyanine green-based fluorescence imaging in visceral and hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery: State of the art and future directions. World J Gastroenterol. 2018 Jul 21;24(27):2921-2930. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i27.2921.
Bell ML, Kenward MG, Fairclough DL, Horton NJ Differential dropout and bias in randomised controlled trials: when it matters and when it may not. BMJ. 2013 Jan 21;346:e8668. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8668.
Gossedge G, Vallance A, Jayne D Diverse applications for near infra-red intraoperative imaging. Colorectal Dis. 2015 Oct;17 Suppl 3:7-11. doi: 10.1111/codi.13023.
Horowitz M, Neeman E, Sharon E, Ben-Eliyahu S Exploiting the critical perioperative period to improve long-term cancer outcomes. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015 Apr;12(4):213-26. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.224. Epub 2015 Jan 20.
Kassis ES, Kosinski AS, Ross P Jr, Koppes KE, Donahue JM, Daniel VC Predictors of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy: an analysis of the society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013 Dec;96(6):1919-26. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.07.119. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
Kim MJ, Shin R, Oh HK, Park JW, Jeong SY, Park JG The impact of heavy smoking on anastomotic leakage and stricture after low anterior resection in rectal cancer patients. World J Surg. 2011 Dec;35(12):2806-10. doi: 10.1007/s00268-011-1286-1.
Kruschewski M, Rieger H, Pohlen U, Hotz HG, Buhr HJ Risk factors for clinical anastomotic leakage and postoperative mortality in elective surgery for rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Aug;22(8):919-27. doi: 10.1007/s00384-006-0260-0. Epub 2007 Jan 27.
Mangano A, Gheza F, Chen LL, Minerva EM, Giulianotti PC Indocyanine Green (Icg)-Enhanced Fluorescence for Intraoperative Assessment of Bowel Microperfusion During Laparoscopic and Robotic Colorectal Surgery: The Quest for Evidence-Based Results. Surg Technol Int. 2018 Jun 1;32:101-104.
Thompson SK, Chang EY, Jobe BA Clinical review: Healing in gastrointestinal anastomoses, part I. Microsurgery. 2006;26(3):131-6. doi: 10.1002/micr.20197.
Watanabe J, Ishibe A, Suwa Y, Suwa H, Ota M, Kunisaki C, Endo I Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging to reduce the risk of anastomotic leakage in laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a propensity score-matched cohort study. Surg Endosc. 2020 Jan;34(1):202-208. doi: 10.1007/s00464-019-06751-9. Epub 2019 Mar 14.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.