Chan JW, Lee VHF Will the COVID Pandemic Lead to Uncounted Cancer Deaths in the Future? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020 Oct 1;108(2):351-352. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.003.
Gundavda MK, Gundavda KK Cancer or COVID-19? A Review of Guidelines for Safe Cancer Care in the Wake of the Pandemic. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020 Nov 21:1-11. doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00632-2. [Epub ahead of print] Review.
Johnson BA, Waddimba AC, Ogola GO, Fleshman JW Jr, Preskitt JT A systematic review and meta-analysis of surgery delays and survival in breast, lung and colon cancers: Implication for surgical triage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Surg. 2021 Aug;222(2):311-318. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.12.015. Epub 2020 Dec 8.
Salari A, Jalaeefar A, Shirkhoda M What is the best treatment option for head and neck cancers in COVID-19 pandemic? A rapid review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020 Nov - Dec;41(6):102738. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102738. Epub 2020 Sep 18. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
