Frailty — Understanding Benzodiazepine and Non-benzodiazepine Sedative Use
Citation(s)
American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel . American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Apr;60(4):616-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x. Review.
Brekke M, Rognstad S, Straand J, Furu K, Gjelstad S, Bjørner T, Dalen I Pharmacologically inappropriate prescriptions for elderly patients in general practice: How common? Baseline data from The Prescription Peer Academic Detailing (Rx-PAD) study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2008;26(2):80-5. doi: 10.1080/02813430802002875.
Guaraldo L, Cano FG, Damasceno GS, Rozenfeld S Inappropriate medication use among the elderly: a systematic review of administrative databases. BMC Geriatr. 2011 Nov 30;11:79. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-11-79. Review.
Tannenbaum C, Martin P, Tamblyn R, Benedetti A, Ahmed S Reduction of inappropriate benzodiazepine prescriptions among older adults through direct patient education: the EMPOWER cluster randomized trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Jun;174(6):890-8. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.949.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
