Fracture Humerus — Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid (TXA) in Humerus ORIF
Citation(s)
Akgul T, Buget M, Salduz A, Edipoglu IS, Ekinci M, Kucukay S, Sen C Efficacy of preoperative administration of single high dose intravenous tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in total knee arthroplasty: A prospective clinical study. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2016 Aug;50(4):429-31. doi: 10.1016/j.aott.2016.06.007. Epub 2016 Jul 16.
Baskaran D, Rahman S, Salmasi Y, Froghi S, Berber O, George M Effect of tranexamic acid use on blood loss and thromboembolic risk in hip fracture surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hip Int. 2018 Jan;28(1):3-10. doi: 10.5301/hipint.5000556.
Cuff DJ, Simon P, Gorman RA 2nd Randomized prospective evaluation of the use of tranexamic acid and effects on blood loss for proximal humeral fracture surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020 Aug;29(8):1627-1632. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.04.016. Epub 2020 Jun 9.
Hooda B, Chouhan RS, Rath GP, Bithal PK, Suri A, Lamsal R Effect of tranexamic acid on intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing excision of intracranial meningioma. J Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jul;41:132-138. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.02.053. Epub 2017 Mar 7.
Sun CX, Zhang L, Mi LD, Du GY, Sun XG, He SW Efficiency and safety of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in total shoulder arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jun;96(22):e7015. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007015.
Yang YY, Qin H, Zheng X, Hu B, Zhang M, Ma T Administration of Tranexamic Acid in Proximal Humeral Fractures. Indian J Orthop. 2020 May 11;54(Suppl 2):277-282. doi: 10.1007/s43465-020-00128-0. eCollection 2020 Dec.
Yu X, Wang J, Wang X, Xie L, Chen C, Zheng W The efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture: an updated meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020 Aug;50(2):243-257. doi: 10.1007/s11239-019-02034-1.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
