Forearm Fracture — Vascularity of the Ulna and Its Association With Forearm Nonunion
Citation(s)
Bartonícek J, Kozánek M, Jupiter JB History of operative treatment of forearm diaphyseal fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2014 Feb;39(2):335-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.020. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
Hardy BT, Glowczewskie F Jr, Wright TW Vascular anatomy of the proximal ulna. J Hand Surg Am. 2011 May;36(5):808-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.02.011. Epub 2011 Apr 12.
Kloen P, Buijze GA, Ring D Management of forearm nonunions: current concepts. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2012 Apr;7(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s11751-011-0125-0. Epub 2011 Nov 24.
Kloen P, Wiggers JK, Buijze GA Treatment of diaphyseal non-unions of the ulna and radius. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010 Dec;130(12):1439-45. doi: 10.1007/s00402-010-1071-x. Epub 2010 Mar 9.
Sheetz KK, Bishop AT, Berger RA The arterial blood supply of the distal radius and ulna and its potential use in vascularized pedicled bone grafts. J Hand Surg Am. 1995 Nov;20(6):902-14.
Anatomical Study About the Vascularization of the Ulna: Vascular and Mechanical Risk Factors Associated With Forearm Nonunion
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
