Food Selection — The Effect of Menu Labels on Calories Ordered in Hispanics
Citation(s)
Long MW, Tobias DK, Cradock AL, Batchelder H, Gortmaker SL Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of restaurant menu calorie labeling. Am J Public Health. 2015 May;105(5):e11-24. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302570. Epub 2015 Mar 19. Review.
Sinclair SE, Cooper M, Mansfield ED The influence of menu labeling on calories selected or consumed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Sep;114(9):1375-1388.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.05.014. Epub 2014 Jul 16. Review.
Swartz JJ, Braxton D, Viera AJ Calorie menu labeling on quick-service restaurant menus: an updated systematic review of the literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011 Dec 8;8:135. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-135. Review.
The Effect of Menu Labels on Food Choices in Hispanics
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
