Fluid Responsiveness — Fluid Responsiveness in Spontaneously Ventilating Patient
Citation(s)
Cavallaro F, Sandroni C, Antonelli M Functional hemodynamic monitoring and dynamic indices of fluid responsiveness. Minerva Anestesiol. 2008 Apr;74(4):123-35. Epub 2008 Jan 24. Review.
Slagt C, Malagon I, Groeneveld AB Systematic review of uncalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis to determine cardiac output and stroke volume variation. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Apr;112(4):626-37. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet429. Epub 2014 Jan 14. Review.
Thiel SW, Kollef MH, Isakow W Non-invasive stroke volume measurement and passive leg raising predict volume responsiveness in medical ICU patients: an observational cohort study. Crit Care. 2009;13(4):R111. doi: 10.1186/cc7955. Epub 2009 Jul 8.
Vos JJ, Poterman M, Salm PP, Van Amsterdam K, Struys MM, Scheeren TW, Kalmar AF Noninvasive pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation to predict fluid responsiveness at multiple thresholds: a prospective observational study. Can J Anaesth. 2015 Nov;62(11):1153-60. doi: 10.1007/s12630-015-0464-2. Epub 2015 Sep 3.
Prediction of Fluid Responsiveness With Non-invasive Dynamic Parameters in Spontaneous Breathing Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
